CNC Mill
From HacDC Wiki
Bugs
Mach3 seems to default to absolute arc/circle center coordinates which catastrophically enlarges the arcs/circles. Since automated tools (eg. SolidCAM, pcb2gcode) seem to require the opposite behavior, always ensure the following G-Code is used at the beginning of a g-code file:
G91.1
If in doubt, stay with the mill until the G2 command has shown correct output.
Type
Appears to be a Taig CNC Mill.
Currently running ArtSoft Mach3
Terms
- Computer Numerical Control (CNC) - The ability to control a machine using mathematical commands
- Computer Aided Design (CAD) - Software which generates a model which a machine can translate into tooling commands for manufacturing.
- Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) - The actual process of production from file to finished product.
- Tooling/tools - The bits used in a mill to actually
- Milling - The use of a spinning piece of metal to shape an object through calculated removal of a media, normally via an X / Y / Z axis.
- Manual Data Input (MDI) - A method for doing manual milling with precise control commands.
- Lathing - The use of a "static" piece of metal to shape an object through calculated removal of a media which is in (usually) a circular motion.
- Mach3 - The software used to translate G Code into electrical pulses which can be used by a mill.
Getting Started
To initially get started with the CNC mill, it's helpful to have a basic grasp of G Code. How better to get started with this than to begin playing.
Turning on the Mill
When turning on the mill there are three primary "light switch" style switches which should be turned on. The first is on the back of the black box labeled "MicroProto Systems, MicroMill DSLS 3000". This switch is located on the back to the right side (imagine reaching around on the rear right). Flipping the switch "up" should turn this on.
Next, turn on the main control to the spindle. This is achieved via the light switch on the M3/M5 box. Turn this to the "on" position (flicking it towards the label M3/M5).
Finally, turn on the spindle on the actual mill. This is in a blue enameled box residing on the Z axis. Flip this switch "up". If the spindle immediately starts spinning, this is because someone didn't send the control command to stop it. This isn't a problem, but we will want to stop it sooner than later. We will cover this in the next section.
To avoid unexpectedly turning on the spindle motor when powering on the machine, wait to flip the power switch to the on position until after EMC2 is running. This will ensure that the parallel port is in the appropriate state according to the configuration file to keep all motors off by default.
Starting Mach3
This can be done by using the icon on the desktop.
Spindle control and Emergency Stop
If the tooling is clear of all obstacles, you can press F5 to toggle the spindle motor on and off.
The switch on the right side of the mill, near the top will cut power to the spindle. This is the best way to shut it down in an emergency... but note that the axis can still move after the switch is thrown. Pressing Reset in the interface will signal Mach3 to make an Emergency Stop. You'll see the Reset button blink, and the status line at the bottom will read "E-Stop Triggered, press reset...".
Making our first motions
Jog Controls
To start, we're going to use the "jog" functions to move the milling cutter around and get a feel for what is "positive" and "negative" on the X, Y, & Z axis.
Especially, when starting out, limit motion to the X and Y axis as this has the least potential for damaging our tooling (aka, breaking a bit). As you get a feel for what's positive and negative, we will start using larger motions.
To start, hit the "tab" key to bring up the Jog controls. The main settings on this panel are the Jog mode, which can be either continuous or step. In continuous mode, holding down the motion keys (described below) will make the axis move continuously, and quite a lot. In step mode, pressing or holding the motion keys will move only a fixed step per key-press. The step distance is also configurable on the Jog control screen. You can hide the jog controls when not in use by pressing the Tab key.
To start, select continuous mode in the jog controls and press the Left Arrow and Right Arrow. Notice that the mill table moves left and right. This is the X axis. Next, press the Up arrow and Down Arrow keys briefly, notice that the mill table moves front to back. This is the Y axis. Finally, press the Page Up and Page Down keys briefly; notice that the spindle moves up and down. This is the Z axis. As you were moving the milling cutter around, you'll notice that the coordinates are displayed in the main window. This is where you can quickly survey where your tooling is located.
Obligatory Setup
Sometimes the Reset button in Mach3 will be flashing. This usually means that you exceeded the movement limits or speed of the mill and the controller has signaled Mach3 to stop. Often clicking reset is enough to clear this error.
Mill Controller Crash
Sometimes the controller will crash, this is usually evidenced by Reset complaining that it cannot clear a limit. It will offer a button that says "Fix this for me". "Fix this for me" actually redefines what an error is in the software (e.g. if input low is defined as an error, then it will redifine error as input high). Instead of clicking Fix this, you should try turning off and on the mill controller using the switch on the rear, lower-right side. Clicking Reset again should clear the trouble.
Advanced Manual Control - MDI (Manual Data Input)
Click on the MDI tab in the main Mach3 screen to the MDI Controls section. Within this section (the line next to input) we can type in actual G Code to move our tooling around. To start, we're going to use simple "go to" commands. This will rapidly move the tool to the position that we tell it to. Note, at any time, we can stop the execution of these commands by hitting the "stop" button on the screen or typing ALT-S on the keyboard. The first command we will use is "rapid go to" or "g0". As an example: make sure the tooling is well clear of the table using the jog controls and all axis are (roughly) centered. Reset all axis (X, Y, Z) to zero using the Zero Axis button located to the left of the current axis location. As you click zero axis, you should see the axis change to -0.0000.
To make our first motion, let's move the X axis to position 0.5. To do this, enter this command into the box marked Input:
g0 x0.5
The X axis should begin moving and it should stop 0.5" to the right of it's initial position.
Additionally, we can give multiple coordinates at once. Now try the command:
g0 x0 y0
This should send our tool back to the starting position. This can make things go much, much faster for resetting back to the position that you started with the mill at.
To have more fine grained control we can use the command "g1". There is nothing that G0 does which G1 cannot. The only difference in syntax is that we specify the feed rate of the motion as the first option. By default the mill is set to operate in inches per minute. Thus, unless you change this (via g code) it should be assumed that this will be the unit of measure for your commands.
Lets slowly raise our Z axis up one inch:
g1 f2 z1
Note, since we were at a position approx 1 inch up and told the mill to return to zero at a rate of F2 or 2 inches per minute, it will take approximately 30 seconds for this command to complete. Slow movement of the tool (especially when 'plunging' the z axis is a good idea as it allows for time to hit the "esc" key if things start going horribly wrong).
Now, let's build on some of these together:
g1 f10 x1 y1 z1
Whoops, back to zero:
g1 f5 x0 y0 z0
When moving back to zero you will see that the mill is moving half of the original speed (5 inches per minute rather than 10 inches per minute).
Let's really open this thing up and see what it can do. While watching this command move notice the feed rate indicator in the preview MDI tab. This will allow you to see the actual speed of the tool.
g1 f50 x1 y1 z1
Linear motion is great and all, but how about we dwell outside the euclidean space for a minute. The next commands that we are going to learn are G2/G3. G2 will make a clockwise arc while G3 will make a counterclockwise arc. The command syntax is as follows:
*G2 - Command *Fx - Feedrate at X inches per minute *Xv - Destination X coordinate (in this case end at v) *Yw - Destination Y coordinate (in this case end at w) *Ix - X axis center point offset *Jy - Y axis center point offset *Za - Interpolated Z axis coordinate (optional)
To start, lets make a circle:
g2 f5 x1 y0 i-0.5 j0
Annnnd we fail. This is because we've given junk data to the mill. Lets try that again making a circle. Of course, to make a circle, we will want our beginning (1,1,1) to be the same as our destination (1,1,1) only changing the X axis center point offset.
g2 f5 x1 y1 i-0.5 j0
Fun math bits... run that command again and note the "distance to go" or "DTG" in the preview area. Note the distance at the immediate start of plotting our 1 inch diameter circle (2 * 0.5 X offset). This should be a predictable result
Tool Changing
Use a wrench to gently remove the chuck. Check the toolbox beneath the mill for different bits and other things as required.
Little force should be required to tighten the chuck; it has been said that finger-tight is often sufficient.
When you're done
Please cleanup the mill area and place tooling back into the mill toolbox under the bench.
Finally, turn off all three power switches noted above.
Thanks
Caution
Please avoid doing these things, unless you can deal with the consequences yourself.
- Don't run the mill too far off axis. The stepper motors will usually make a harsh grinding sound when this happens.
- Don't leave the mill completely unattended. Be prepared to hit the Reset key within at most a minute of hearing something go wrong.
- Obviously, don't put your hands in hazardous places.
Otherwise, the mill is robust and newbie friendly.