La Fonera: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 02:01, 13 March 2018

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2018.01.25

As of 2018.01.25, Flint's comments on the wee white wireless wrouter:

ACCTON MR3201A.b
Model:  MR3201A-38NQ
MAC:    00:12:0F:A4:42:EE
IP:     5.104.66.238
FCC ID: HED-MR3201A
Input:  5 VDC, 2 A

Crappy photo

I have a high degree of confidence that Flint marked the ground wire of his white patchwork cable with black marker.

nmap didn't help me because I don't know how to use it. However, arp, which I almost don't know how to use, did.

Using HacDC machine 7KDNKH1...

According to How to find live hosts on my network? use arp like so:

$ arp -a -n
? (192.168.26.93) at ...MAC... [ether] on wlan5
? (192.168.26.152) at ...MAC... [ether] on wlan5
? (192.168.1.1) at ...MAC... [ether] on eth5
? (192.168.26.175) at ...MAC... [ether] on wlan5
? (192.168.26.1) at ...MAC... [ether] on wlan5
? (192.168.26.141) at ...MAC... [ether] on wlan5

Note the line that ends in eth5...

So. Opening a web browser and browsing to that address (192.168.1.1) reveals:

Webif^2 Administration Console
Redirecting to main page

Unfortunately, it wants a username and password I cannot guess. However, fortunately, it also says:

http://192.168.1.1 is requesting your username and password.
The site says "OpenWrt"

which suggests we don't need to install OpenWRT. ;-)

But we want to update it. A search of the OpenWRT wiki for ACCTON MR3201A.b redirects to La Fonera (FON2100 and FON2200) which claims the architecture we need is MIPS 4KEc.

Nothing about reinstalling OpenWRT on an already installed system... So far. However, there is an Installing OpenWRT with RedBoot article.

Julia's right: This is really painful. Now installing wireshark and tcpdump...

$ sudo tcpdump -Ani eth5 port 4919 and udp
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on eth5, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes
21:12:16.189983 IP 192.168.1.1.59153 > 192.168.1.255.4919: UDP, length 1001
E.....@[email protected] reset now, to enter Failsafe!............
21:14:41.637517 IP 192.168.1.1.58542 > 192.168.1.255.4919: UDP, length 1001
E.....@[email protected]...|..Press reset now, to enter Failsafe!............
21:14:42.329525 IP 192.168.1.1.35221 > 192.168.1.255.4919: UDP, length 1001
E.....@[email protected] Failsafe!.............................
^C
3 packets captured
3 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel

$ telnet 192.168.1.1
Trying 192.168.1.1...
telnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Network is unreachable

$ sudo tcpdump -Ani eth5 port 4919 and udp
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on eth5, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes
^C
0 packets captured
0 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernel

$ ssh 192.168.1.1
ssh: connect to host 192.168.1.1 port 22: Network is unreachable

$ ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth5: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:21:70:b8:a4:e9 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet6 fe80::c2ec:d64e:c244:47a/64 scope link noprefixroute
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: wlan5: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/ether ee:77:8a:df:f6:d1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

$ ssh 192.168.1.1
ssh: connect to host 192.168.1.1 port 22: Network is unreachable
$ telnet 192.168.1.1
Trying 192.168.1.1...
telnet: Unable to connect to remote host: Network is unreachable

$ nmap -p 1-65535 192.168.1.1

Starting Nmap 7.60 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2018-02-22 21:32 EST
mass_dns: warning: Unable to determine any DNS servers. Reverse DNS is disabled. Try using --system-dns or specify valid servers with --dns-servers
Nmap scan report for 192.168.1.1
Host is up (0.087s latency).
All 65535 scanned ports on 192.168.1.1 are closed

Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 20.43 seconds

The good news is that tcpdump did allow me to time the pressing of the reset button correctly, and verify that it did indeed get into failsafe mode. The bad news is that repeated attempts to communicate over the network with the beastie were rejected. So... old-school serial communication. On a box whose only serial "port" consists of a 10-pin header inside the box.

And... We're opening the box. The feet need to be removed and then the screws under them. Then the thin top can be removed by popping the two plastic clips on either side of the long edges, and the top then slid forward (away from the power, antenna and ethernet, to release it from the back corners before fully removing.

The serial pin-outs are available, albeit not clearly, on the LaFonera Hardware USB of the DD-WRT wiki.

Julia, armed with a multimeter, determined GND and VCC pins are those closest to the edge of the board.

    * *                   1  2
RX  * *              RX   3  4
TX  * *              TX   5  6
    * *                   7  8
GND * * Vcc          GND  9 10 Vcc

More important details at LaFonera Hardware Serial-Cable-Port like, for example, better pictures, and the serial settings:

9600-8-N-1 and no flow control

How to mung a USB cable

With a custom USB cable built, in place, (black wire to GND, yellow to TX orange to RX, green to ... nothing) and baud rate established:

$ screen /dev/usb0 9600

This brought up the serial console, which brought up the OpenWRT ASCII-art splash screen.

 root@OpenWrt:/# passwd
 Changing password for root
 [admin]
 [admin]
 Password for root changed by root
 root@OpenWrt:/#

Now the system can be reached via the web interface... But the update failed. See screenshots.

This forum thread looks... promising? But it's getting late.

2018.02.26

Looking at the WiFi setup it says that we need to install the wpa-supplicant package.

Attempting to ssh into the wee white wireless with

ssh [email protected]

yields a message saying it only offers diffie-hellman-group1-sha1 as a key exchange... So. Need to reconfigure ssh to use it?

ssh -oKexAlgorithms=+diffie-hellman-group1 \
    -c aes128-cbc                          \
    [email protected]

Or, using ~/.ssh/config:

Host 192.168.1.1
  User root
  KexAlgorithms +diffie-hellman-group1-sah1
  Ciphers aes128-cbc
Host whitebox
  Hostname 192.168.1.1
  User root
  KexAlgorithms +diffie-hellman-group1-sah1
  Ciphers aes128-cbc

TEMPORARILY changing to 192.168.26.222 DAMN IT! I forgot to set the default gateway!

route add default gw 192.168.26.1 br-lan

That didn't work. (It set it but didn't make use of it.)

vi /etc/config/network

  option 'gateway' '192.168.26.1'
  :wq

The BITS-fonera OpenWRT GitHub repository proved helpful in understanding that there was a opkg command... However, as supplied, it tried to update from a non-existent repo...

Comment out the last src line:

$ vi /etc/opkg.conf
src/gz snapshots http://downloads.openwrt.org/kamikaze/8.09/atheros/packages
dest root /
dest ram /tmp
lists_dir ext /var/opkg-lists
option overlay_root /jffs
#src X-Wrt http://downloads.x-wrt.org/xwrt/kamikaze/8.09/atheros/packages

$ opkg update
Downloading http://downloads.openwrt.org/kamikaze/8.09/atheros/packages/Packages.gz
Connecting to downloads.openwrt.org (148.251.78.235:80)
Packages.gz          100% |*******************************|   143k --:--:-- ETA
Inflating http://downloads.openwrt.org/kamikaze/8.09/atheros/packages/Packages.gz
Updated list of available packages in /var/opkg-lists/snapshots

$ opkg install wpa-supplicant
Installing wpa-supplicant (0.6.3-1) to root...
Downloading http://downloads.openwrt.org/kamikaze/8.09/atheros/packages/./wpa-supplicant_0.6.3-1_mips.ipk
Connecting to downloads.openwrt.org (148.251.78.235:80)
wpa-supplicant_0.6.3 100% |*******************************|   197k 00:00:00 ETA
Configuring wpa-supplicant

Bwah-ha-ha!

2018.02.28

Installing NTP client... Maybe. The web interface says it's installing it. (System -> Settings complained about it not being installed.) It never finished. ssh'ing in and poking around a bit:

root@OpenWrt:~# opkg print_installation_architecture
arch all 1
arch noarch 1
arch mips 10

root@OpenWrt:~# opkg print_architecture
arch all 1
arch noarch 1
arch mips 10

Well. This bloody took forever to find:

The configuration edited above indicates we're looking for Atheros. However, according to https://openwrt.org/docs/targets/atheros

"The atheros target has been renamed to ath25. changeset / git-commit"

And then there's:

Comments: Releases past Backfire are essentially worthless because of lack of RAM

on the La Fonera page.

Specifically, according to the web interface, the board is a Atheros AR2315 with 30008 KiB RAM.

I think the next step is to see if I can go from Kamikaze to Backfire in one swell foop by following instructions on the OpenWrt OS upgrade procedure (LuCI or sysupgrade) page.

2018.03.01

Following the instructions on the afore-mentioned page yields:

User-installed packages are the following:
haserl
qos-scripts
webif
wpa-supplicant

There does not appear to be any directory named "overlay", and therefore? no "all packages associated with any user-modified file". I guess.

I'm less sure about what files and directories "should be preserved" during an upgrade. Since it gets turned off a lot and isn't fetching the date and time via NTP, file creation dates are all wrong.

$ opkg list-changed-conffiles

doesn't work.

The good news: sysupgrade exists as a command.

2018.03.05

Time to build from scratch. It looks like the documentation links at the bottom The build system – About is the place to start.

$ make menuconfig
  * Target System (Atheros AR231x/AR5312)
$ make download
$ make

I think we're going down the wrong path... Let's go with: La Fonera (FON2100 and FON2200)

Examining dmsg and guessing I think we want the SIXTH mtd, (0 indexed).

$ cat /dev/mtd5ro > /tmp/redboot_config
$ strings /tmp/redboot_config
$ mtd write /tmp/redboot_config "RedBoot config"
Could not open mtd device: RedBoot config
Can't open device for writing!

2018.03.08

We've opened the box... And now to install a TFTP server atftpd on one of the classroom machines. One dependency: rlinetd.

OK... Maybe rewriting the OpenWRT wiki page so that one doesn't need to read the page from the bottom up would be good...

FIRST download the vmlinuz and root.squashfs BEFORE we take everything off the real network...

$ sudo -i
$ apt install atftpd
$ cd /srv/tftp
$ wget http://downloads.openwrt.org/backfire/10.03.1/atheros/openwrt-atheros-vmlinux.lzma
$ wget http://downloads.openwrt.org/backfire/10.03.1/atheros/openwrt-atheros-root.squashfs

$ screen /dev/usb0 9600

root@OpenWrt:/# reboot
Restarting system.
+PHY ID is 0022:5521
Ethernet eth0: MAC address 00:12:cf:a4:42:ee
IP: 192.168.0.1/255.255.255.0, Gateway: 0.0.0.0
Default server: 0.0.0.0

RedBoot(tm) bootstrap and debug environment [ROMRAM]
Non-certified release, version v1.3.4 - built 19:22:52, Oct 15 2007

Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Red Hat, Inc.

Board: ap51
RAM: 0x80000000-0x82000000, [0x8003eaf0-0x80fe1000] available
FLASH: 0xa8000000 - 0xa87f0000, 128 blocks of 0x00010000 bytes each.
== Executing boot script in 3.000 seconds - enter ^C to abort
^C
RedBoot>
 fconfig -l -n
boot_script: true
boot_script_data:
.. fis load -l vmlinux.bin.l7
.. exec

boot_script_timeout: 3
bootp: false
bootp_my_gateway_ip: 0.0.0.0
bootp_my_ip: 192.168.0.1
bootp_my_ip_mask: 255.255.255.0
bootp_server_ip: 0.0.0.0
console_baud_rate: 9600
gdb_port: 9000
info_console_force: false
net_debug: false
RedBoot> fconfig boot_script_timeout 20
boot_script_timeout: Setting to 20
Update RedBoot non-volatile configuration - continue (y/n)? n
RedBoot> fconfig bootp_my_ip 192.168.5.22
bootp_my_ip: Setting to 192.168.5.22
Update RedBoot non-volatile configuration - continue (y/n)? n
RedBoot> fconfig bootp_my_ip_mask 255.255.255.0
bootp_my_ip_mask: Setting to 255.255.255.0
RedBoot> fconfig bootp_server_ip 192.168.5.2
bootp_server_ip: Setting to 192.168.5.2
Update RedBoot non-volatile configuration - continue (y/n)? y
... Erase from 0xa87e0000-0xa87f0000: .
... Program from 0x80ff0000-0x81000000 at 0xa87e0000: .
RedBoot>

RedBoot> fconfig -l
Run script at boot: true
Boot script:
.. fis load -l vmlinux.bin.l7
.. exec

Boot script timeout (1000ms resolution): 20
Use BOOTP for network configuration: false
Gateway IP address: 0.0.0.0
Local IP address: 192.168.5.22
Local IP address mask: 255.255.255.0
Default server IP address: 192.168.5.2
Console baud rate: 9600
GDB connection port: 9000
Force console for special debug messages: false
Network debug at boot time: false
RedBoot>

On the laptop:

Run an ethernet cable between the laptop and the wee white wireless wrouter.
Turn off wifi
Release the DHCP lease
Delete the old IP addresses from eth0
Add a new IP address to eth0
Connect!

The current state of affairs prior to all that:

$ ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN \
       group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP \
         group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:21:70:b8:a8:48 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.1.2/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth3
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::efc5:9f91:4454:6622/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: wlan2: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP \
          group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:1f:3c:c2:3e:f4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.26.140/24 brd 192.168.26.255 scope global dynamic wlan2
       valid_lft 4895sec preferred_lft 4895sec
    inet6 fe80::21f:3cff:fec2:3ef4/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

$ route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
0.0.0.0         192.168.26.1    0.0.0.0         UG    600    0        0 eth3
192.168.26.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     600    0        0 eth3

Now to implement steps 1-6 above:

$ sudo -i
$ nmcli radio all off        # Shut down WiFi
$ dhclient -r                # Drop all DHCP leases
$ route del default          # Undo any routing...
$ route del default          # Lather, rinse, repeat...
$ route del default          # ...until done
SIOCDELRT: No such process

$ # Get rid of space-wide addresses, and add a path to wrouter
$
$ ip addr del dev eth3 192.168.1.2/24
$ ip addr del dev eth3 fe80::efc5:9f91:4454:6622/64
$ ip addr add dev eth3 192.168.5.2/24

$ # Check our work
$
$ ip addr
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN \
       group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth3: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP \
         group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:21:70:b8:a8:48 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.5.2/24 scope global eth3
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: wlan2: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state DOWN \
          group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:1f:3c:c2:3e:f4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff

$ route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
192.168.5.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 eth3

$ arping -qf -I eth3 192.168.5.22 ; telnet 192.168.5.22 9000
Trying 192.168.5.22...
Connected to 192.168.5.22.
Escape character is '^]'.
RedBoot>

2018.03.11

RedBoot> ip_address -h 192.168.5.2 -l 192.168.5.22/24
IP: 192.168.5.22/255.255.255.0, Gateway: 0.0.0.0
Default server: 192.168.5.2

RedBoot> load -r -b %{FREEMEMLO} openwrt-atheros-vmlinux.lzma
Using default protocol (TFTP)
Raw file loaded 0x8003ec00-0x8011ebff, assumed entry at 0x8003ec00

RedBoot> fis init
About to initialize [format] FLASH image system - continue (y/n)? y
*** Initialize FLASH Image System
... Erase from 0xa87e0000-0xa87f0000: .
... Program from 0x80ff0000-0x81000000 at 0xa87e0000: .

RedBoot> fis create -e 0x80041000 -r 0x80041000 vmlinux.bin.l7
... Erase from 0xa8030000-0xa8110000: ..............
... Program from 0x8003ec00-0x8011ec00 at 0xa8030000: ..............
... Erase from 0xa87e0000-0xa87f0000: .
... Program from 0x80ff0000-0x81000000 at 0xa87e0000: .

RedBoot> load -r -b %{FREEMEMLO} openwrt-atheros-root.squashfs
Using default protocol (TFTP)
Raw file loaded 0x8003ec00-0x8021ebff, assumed entry at 0x8003ec00

RedBoot> fis create rootfs
... Erase from 0xa8110000-0xa82f0000: ..............................
... Program from 0x8003ec00-0x8021ec00 at 0xa8110000: ..............................
... Erase from 0xa87e0000-0xa87f0000: .
... Program from 0x80ff0000-0x81000000 at 0xa87e0000: .

RedBoot> fconfig -l -n
boot_script: true
boot_script_data: 
.. fis load -l vmlinux.bin.l7
.. exec

boot_script_timeout: 20
bootp: false
bootp_my_gateway_ip: 0.0.0.0
bootp_my_ip: 192.168.5.22
bootp_my_ip_mask: 255.255.255.0
bootp_server_ip: 192.168.5.2
console_baud_rate: 9600
gdb_port: 9000
info_console_force: false
net_debug: false

RedBoot> reset

+PHY ID is 0022:5521
Ethernet eth0: MAC address 00:12:cf:a4:42:ee
IP: 192.168.5.22/255.255.255.0, Gateway: 0.0.0.0
Default server: 192.168.5.2

RedBoot(tm) bootstrap and debug environment [ROMRAM]
Non-certified release, version v1.3.4 - built 19:22:52, Oct 15 2007

Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Red Hat, Inc.

Board: ap51 
RAM: 0x80000000-0x82000000, [0x8003eaf0-0x80fe1000] available
FLASH: 0xa8000000 - 0xa87f0000, 128 blocks of 0x00010000 bytes each.
== Executing boot script in 20.000 seconds - enter ^C to abort

... [See the boot log -- linked to below -- for the details.] ...

BusyBox v1.15.3 (2011-11-24 02:38:24 CET) built-in shell (ash)
Enter 'help' for a list of built-in commands.

  _______                     ________        __
 |       |.-----.-----.-----.|  |  |  |.----.|  |_
 |   -   ||  _  |  -__|     ||  |  |  ||   _||   _|
 |_______||   __|_____|__|__||________||__|  |____|
          |__| W I R E L E S S   F R E E D O M
 Backfire (10.03.1, r29592) ------------------------
  * 1/3 shot Kahlua    In a shot glass, layer Kahlua 
  * 1/3 shot Bailey's  on the bottom, then Bailey's, 
  * 1/3 shot Vodka     then Vodka.
 ---------------------------------------------------
root@OpenWrt:/#

See the OpenWRT Backfire boot log for the sordid details of the boot.

Also, for what it's worth, a summary of RedBoot help

2018.03.12

It is suggested that, in order to permanently enable telnet without needing the serial cable, one should wget openwrt-ar531x-2.4-vmlinux-CAMICIA.lzma and out.hex from http://ipkg.k1k2.de/hack/. Sadly, this site no longer appears to exist. However, taking a chance... The git repository at https://github.com/bnchdrff/breakafon has both files.

With both a laptop and the box wired together via ethernet cable, the laptop has an address of 192.168.1.2 (on eth3) and the whee white whireless wrouter has an address of 192.168.1.1 (on eth0). On the laptop:

$ git clone https://github.com/bnchdrff/breakafon
$ cd breakafon/flash-images
$ python3 -m http.server

Then, on the whee white whireless wrouter, while ssh'd into the BusyBox shell:

$ cd /tmp
$ wget http://192.168.1.2:8000/openwrt-ar531x-2.4-vmlinux-CAMICIA.lzma
$ wget http://192.168.1.2:8000/out.hex
$ mtd -e vmlinux.bin.l7 write openwrt-ar531x-2.4-vmlinux-CAMICIA.lzma vmlinux.bin.l7
$ reboot

FAIL! KERNEL PANIC!

Well... That set us back.